Course Contents
Atoms and Light 359
Covered February 24, 2010
The Nature of Light: Waves versus Photons 359
Covered February 24, 2010
Atomic Energy Levels and Atomic Spectra 361
Covered February 24, 2010
Molecular Energy Levels 362
Scattering and Absorption of Radiation; Cross Section 364
Covered February 24, 2010
The Diffusion Approximation to Photon Transport 367
General Theory 367
Continuous Measurements 368
Pulsed Measurements 368
Refinements to the Model 369
Biological Applications of Infrared Scattering 369
Covered March 3, 2010
Near Infrared (NIR) 369
Covered March 3, 2010
Optical Coherence Tomography (OCT) 370
Covered March 3, 2010
Raman Spectroscopy 371
Covered March 3, 2010
Far Infrared or Terahertz Radiation 372
Covered March 3, 2010
Thermal Radiation 372
Covered March 10, 2010
Infrared Radiation from the Body 375
Covered March 10, 2010
Atherosclerotic Coronary Heart Disease 376
Covered March 10, 2010
Blue and Ultraviolet Radiation 377
Covered March 10, 2010
Treatment of Neonatal Jaundice 377
Covered March 10, 2010
The Ultraviolet Spectrum 377
Covered March 10, 2010
Response of the Skin to Ultraviolet Light 378
Covered March 10, 2010
Ultraviolet Light Causes Skin Cancer 380
Covered March 10, 2010
Protection from Ultraviolet Light 380
Covered March 10, 2010
Ultraviolet Light Damages the Eye 381
Covered March 17, 2010
Ultraviolet Light Synthesizes Vitamin D 381
Covered March 17, 2010
Ultraviolet Light Therapy 381
Covered March 17, 2010
Heating Tissue with Light 381
Covered March 17, 2010
Radiometry and Photometry 383
Covered March 17, 2010
Radiometric Definitions 383
Covered March 17, 2010
Photometric Definitions 387
Covered March 24, 2010
Actinometric Definitions 388
The Eye 388
Covered March 24, 2010
Quantum Effects in Dark-Adapted Vision 390
Symbols Used 392
Problems 393
References 397
Interaction of Photons and Charged Particles with Matter 401
Atomic Energy Levels and X-ray Absorption 401
Photon Interactions 403
Covered March 24, 2010
Photoelectric Effect 403
Covered March 24, 2010
Compton and Incoherent Scattering 403
Covered March 24, 2010
Coherent Scattering 403
Covered March 24, 2010
Inelastic Scattering 403
Covered March 24, 2010
Pair Production 403
Covered March 24, 2010
Energy Dependence 404
Covered March 24, 2010
The Photoelectric Effect 404
Covered March 31, 2010
Compton Scattering 405
Covered March 31, 2010
Kinematics 405
Covered March 31, 2010
Cross Section: Klein-Nishina Formula 406
Covered March 31, 2010
Incoherent Scattering 406
Covered March 31, 2010
Energy Transferred to the Electron 407
Covered March 31, 2010
Coherent Scattering 407
Covered March 31, 2010
Pair Production 407
Covered April 21, 2010
The Photon Attenuation Coefficient 408
Covered April 21, 2010
Compounds and Mixtures 410
Covered April 21, 2010
Deexcitation of Atoms 410
Covered April 21, 2010
Energy Transfer from Photons to Electrons 412
Covered April 21, 2010
Charged-Particle Stopping Power 414
Covered April 21, 2010 (partly)
Interaction with Target Electrons 418
Scattering from the Nucleus 421
Stopping of Electrons 422
Compounds 422
Linear Energy Transfer and Restricted Collision Stopping Power 422
Range, Straggling, and Radiation Yield 423
Track Structure 424
Energy Transferred and Energy Imparted; Kerma and Absorbed Dose 425
An Example 425
Energy Transferred and Kerma 427
Energy Imparted and Absorbed Dose 427
Net Energy Transferred, Collision Kerma, and Radiative Kerma 428
Charged-Particle Equilibrium 428
Radiation Equilibrium 428
Charged-particle Equilibrium 428
Buildup 429
Symbols Used 430
Problems 431
References 434
Medical Use of X Rays 437
Production of X Rays 437
Characteristic X Rays 437
Bremsstrahlung 438
Covered April 21, 2010 (partly)
Quantities to Describe Radiation Interactions 439
Radiation Chemical Yield 439
Mean Energy per Ion Pair 439
Exposure 440
Detectors 440
Film and Screens 440
Scintillation Detectors 442
Gas Detectors 444
Semiconductor Detectors 445
Thermoluminescent Dosimeters 445
Chemical Dosimetry 445
Digital Detectors 446
The Diagnostic Radiograph 446
X-ray Tube and Filter 446
Collimation 447
Attenuation in the Patient: Contrast Material 447
Antiscatter Grid 450
Film-Screen Combination 450
Computed and Direct Radiography 450
Image Quality 450
Angiography and Digital Subtraction Angiography 453
Mammography 453
Fluoroscopy 454
Computed Tomography 454
Biological Effects of Radiation 457
Cell-Culture Experiments 458
Chromosome Damage 458
The Linear-quadratic Model 460
The Bystander Effect 460
Tissue Irradiation 461
A Model for Tumor Eradication 463
Radiation Therapy 463
Classical Radiation Therapy 464
Modern X-ray Therapy 465
Charged Particles and Neutrons 465
Dose Measurement 467
The Risk of Radiation 468
Equivalent and Effective Dose 468
Comparison with Natural Background 469
Calculating Risk 470
Radon 472
Symbols Used 473
Problems 474
References 477
MRI External Textbooks Covered Material:
Study only the parts of the textbook related to the class presentations (see
below).
Consult with your TA in case of any confusion about covered parts of the
textbook.
2 Basic Principles of MRI 17
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