Course Contents        

Chapter 13: Sound and Ultrasound     343                Covered Feb. 19, 2008
The Wave Equation     343                    Covered Feb. 19, 2008
Plane Waves in an Elastic Rod     343            Covered Feb. 19, 2008
Plane Waves in a Fluid     344                Covered Feb. 19, 2008
Properties of the Wave Equation     345            Covered Feb. 19, 2008
Acoustic Impedance     346                    Covered Feb. 19, 2008
Relationships Between Pressure, Displacement and Velocity in a Plane Wave     346            Covered Feb. 19, 2008
Reflection and Transmission of Sound at a Boundary     346            Covered Feb. 19, 2008
Comparing Intensities: Decibels     347            Covered Feb. 26, 2008
The Decibel     347                    Covered Feb. 26, 2008
Hearing Response     347            Covered Feb. 26, 2008
The Ear and Hearing     348
Attenuation     349                Covered Feb. 26, 2008
Medical Uses of Ultrasound     350            Covered Feb. 26, 2008
Ultrasound Transducers     350            Covered Feb. 26, 2008
Pulse Echo Techniques     352            Covered Feb. 26, 2008
The Doppler Effect     353            Covered Feb. 26, 2008
Symbols Used     354
Problems     354
References     357

Chapter 14: Atoms and Light     359
The Nature of Light: Waves versus Photons     359        Covered March 4, 2008
Atomic Energy Levels and Atomic Spectra     361        Covered March 4, 2008
Molecular Energy Levels     362                    Covered March 4, 2008
Scattering and Absorption of Radiation; Cross Section     364            Covered March 4, 2008
The Diffusion Approximation to Photon Transport     367
General Theory     367
Continuous Measurements     368
Pulsed Measurements     368
Refinements to the Model     369
Biological Applications of Infrared Scattering     369        Covered March 11, 2008
Near Infrared (NIR)     369                            Covered March 11, 2008
Optical Coherence Tomography (OCT)     370            Covered March 11, 2008
Raman Spectroscopy     371                    Covered March 18, 2008
Far Infrared or Terahertz Radiation     372                Covered March 18, 2008
Thermal Radiation     372                        Covered March 18, 2008
Infrared Radiation from the Body     375            Covered March 18, 2008
Atherosclerotic Coronary Heart Disease     376        Covered March 25, 2008
Blue and Ultraviolet Radiation     377            Covered March 25, 2008
Treatment of Neonatal Jaundice     377        Covered March 25, 2008
The Ultraviolet Spectrum     377            Covered March 25, 2008
Response of the Skin to Ultraviolet Light     378            Covered March 25, 2008
Ultraviolet Light Causes Skin Cancer     380            Covered March 25, 2008
Protection from Ultraviolet Light     380            Covered March 25, 2008
Ultraviolet Light Damages the Eye     381            Covered March 25, 2008
Ultraviolet Light Synthesizes Vitamin D     381            Covered March 25, 2008
Ultraviolet Light Therapy     381                Covered March 25, 2008
Heating Tissue with Light     381            Covered March 25, 2008
Radiometry and Photometry     383            Covered March 25, 2008
Radiometric Definitions     383            Covered March 25, 2008
Photometric Definitions     387            Covered April 1, 2008
Actinometric Definitions     388       
The Eye     388                            Covered April 1, 2008
Quantum Effects in Dark-Adapted Vision     390            Covered April 1, 2008
Symbols Used     392
Problems     393
References     397

Chapter 15: Interaction of Photons and Charged Particles with Matter     401
Atomic Energy Levels and X-ray Absorption     401
Photon Interactions     403                                Covered April 1, 2008
Photoelectric Effect     403                    Covered April 1, 2008
Compton and Incoherent Scattering      403                Covered April 1, 2008
Coherent Scattering     403                Covered April 1, 2008
Inelastic Scattering     403                Covered April 1, 2008
Pair Production     403                    Covered April 1, 2008
Energy Dependence     404            Covered April 1, 2008
The Photoelectric Effect     404        Covered April 8, 2008
Compton Scattering     405            Covered April 8, 2008
Kinematics     405   
Cross Section: Klein-Nishina Formula     406        Covered April 8, 2008
Incoherent Scattering     406            Covered April 8, 2008
Energy Transferred to the Electron     407        Covered April 8, 2008
Coherent Scattering     407            Covered April 8, 2008
Pair Production     407           
The Photon Attenuation Coefficient     408    Covered April 8, 2008
Compounds and Mixtures     410
Deexcitation of Atoms     410                Covered April 22, 2008
Energy Transfer from Photons to Electrons     412        Covered April 22, 2008
Charged-Particle Stopping Power     414
Interaction with Target Electrons     418
Scattering from the Nucleus     421
Stopping of Electrons     422
Compounds     422
Linear Energy Transfer and Restricted Collision Stopping Power     422
Range, Straggling, and Radiation Yield     423
Track Structure     424
Energy Transferred and Energy Imparted; Kerma and Absorbed Dose     425
An Example     425
Energy Transferred and Kerma     427
Energy Imparted and Absorbed Dose     427
Net Energy Transferred, Collision Kerma, and Radiative Kerma     428
Charged-Particle Equilibrium     428
Radiation Equilibrium     428
Charged-particle Equilibrium     428
Buildup     429
Symbols Used     430
Problems     431
References     434
 

Chapter 16: Medical Use of X Rays     437
Production of X Rays     437
Characteristic X Rays     437
Bremsstrahlung     438                Covered April 22, 2008
Quantities to Describe Radiation Interactions     439
Radiation Chemical Yield     439
Mean Energy per Ion Pair     439
Exposure     440
Detectors     440
Film and Screens     440
Scintillation Detectors     442
Gas Detectors     444
Semiconductor Detectors     445
Thermoluminescent Dosimeters     445
Chemical Dosimetry     445
Digital Detectors     446
The Diagnostic Radiograph     446
X-ray Tube and Filter     446
Collimation     447
Attenuation in the Patient: Contrast Material     447
Antiscatter Grid      450
Film-Screen Combination     450
Computed and Direct Radiography     450
Image Quality     450
Angiography and Digital Subtraction Angiography     453
Mammography     453
Fluoroscopy     454
Computed Tomography     454
Biological Effects of Radiation     457
Cell-Culture Experiments     458
Chromosome Damage     458
The Linear-quadratic Model     460
The Bystander Effect     460
Tissue Irradiation     461
A Model for Tumor Eradication     463
Radiation Therapy     463
Classical Radiation Therapy     464
Modern X-ray Therapy     465
Charged Particles and Neutrons     465
Dose Measurement     467
The Risk of Radiation     468
Equivalent and Effective Dose     468
Comparison with Natural Background     469
Calculating Risk     470
Radon     472
Symbols Used     473
Problems     474
References     477
 

Computed Tomography Image Reconstruction            

1. Reconstruction problem description            Covered April 29, 2008
2. Backprojection                 Covered April 29, 2008
3. Algebraic reconstruction technique (ART)                Covered April 29, 2008

Magnetic Resonance Imaging        (Use lecture notes or hardcopy handouts from eng. Marwa to study this part)

1. Conditions for nuclei exhibiting magnetic resonance phenomenon        Covered May 6, 2008
2. Net magnetization computation using Boltzmann ratio                    Covered May 6, 2008
3. Resonance condition and Larmor equation                Covered May 6, 2008
4. Excitation of spin systems                        Covered May 6, 2008
5. Dynamics of excitation: rotation and precession            Covered May 6, 2008
6. Laboratory and rotating frames of reference                Covered May 6, 2008
7. Spatial encoding: RF pulse with magnetic field gradients for slice selection        Covered May 6, 2008
8. Spatial encoding: magnetic field gradients applied during reception for  frequency encoding       
9. Relaxation: T1 and T2 relaxation times.           
10. Practical MRI system components and specifications
11. Safety of MRI systems

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Last modified: February 14, 2012